A total of 96 SURFACE WATER samples collected from river Ganga in West Bengal during 2004-05 was analyzed for pH, EC, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni. The pH was found in the alkaline range (7.21-8.32), while conductance was obtained in the range of 0.225-0.615 mmhos/cm. Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr and Pb were detected in more than 92% of the samples in the range of 0.025-5.49, 0.025-2.72, 0.012-0.370, 0.012-0.375, 0.001-0.044 and 0.001-0.250 mg/L, respectively, whereas Cd and Cu were detected only in 20 and 36 samples (0.001-0.003 and 0.003-0.032 mg/L). Overall seasonal variation was significant for Fe, Mn, Cd and Cr. The maximum mean concentration of Fe (1.520 mg/L) was observed in summer, Mn (0.423 mg/L) in monsoon but Cd (0.003 mg/L) and Cr (0.020 mg/L) exhibited their maximum during the winter season. Fe, Mn and Cd concentration also varied with the change of sampling locations. The highest mean concentrations (mg/L) of Fe (1.485), Zn (0.085) and Cu (0.006) were observed at Palta, those for Mn (0.420) and Ni (0.054) at Berhampore, whereas the maximum of Pb (0.024 mg/L) and Cr (0.018 mg/L) was obtained at the downstream station, Uluberia. All in all, the dominance of various heavy metals in the SURFACE WATER of the river Ganga followed the sequence: Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd. A significant positive correlation was exhibited for conductivity with Cd and Cr of WATER but Mn exhibited a negative correlation with conductivity.

Environment POLLUTION is an important problem in the world. In agriculture irrigation, drainage and fertilization activities cause WATER resource and environmental POLLUTION by effecting on solute, nutrient and sediment transport. Combined methods of WATER and nutrient management could consider in POLLUTION transport controlling that reducing runoff and deep percolation, providing opportunity for solute infiltration, reducing sediment transport even economic and easy usage. In this research, affect of two different management in irrigation (cutback and continues) and fertilization (solid and fertigation) on nutrient loss was evaluated. Comparing nitrate, phosphor and potassium loss in different management explicate cutback flow with no uniform solid distribution of fertilizer is more useful to prevent nutrient loss. Because of similar results, increasing in fertilizer distribution in furrow length and easy usage between nitrate losses in six managements, show cutback flow with three proceeding solid, fertigation and fertigation (with 1.4, 1.2 and 1.4 ratio) fertilization was recommended replacement of cutback flow with three proceeding solid fertilization.

The present study has been conducted to determine the SURFACE WATER quality of urban area in Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh by determining some WATER quality parameters (Transparency, Temperature, pH, EC, Eh, DO, TSS, TDS, TS, BOD5, COD, TOC, Cl-, Br-, SO4-2, NO3-, NO2-, PO4-3, TP, HCO3-and Total alkalinity) as well as the status of phytoplankton’ s community in the WATER from two lakes (Tiger Lake and AERE Lake) and one canal (Karnapara Canal). The WATER quality of the AERE Lake is better than the Tiger Lake and the Karnapara Canal. Organic POLLUTION Index (OPI) demonstrates that WATER bodies are severely polluted by organic matters in the study area. R mode Cluster Analysis (CA) reveals that the WATER bodies are polluted and the common sources of pollutants are anthropogenic (industrial, agricultural, municipal sewerage). The Principle Component Analysis/Factor Analysis (PCA/FA) identifies two dominant factors, responsible for data structure, explaining 100% of total variance in the data set. The PCA agrees with CA, suggesting that multiple anthropogenic sources are responsible for the SURFACE WATER quality deterioration in this area. The present study reflects the actual scenario of SURFACE WATER quality of Savar urban area, thus will be helpful for the policy planers and makers to take proper management and abatement strategies for the sustainable management of WATER resources in urban areas of Bangladesh.

Background and Aim: This research was conducted of determining and comparing the heavy metals of zinc, iron, manganese, copper, nickel and vanadium in summer in WATERs and sediments of Naseri wetland in Khuzestan province, 2017. Material and Methods: Sampling of WATER and sediments from three areas of north, central and southern Naseri wetland was carried out in summer. In order to measure heavy elements, the ICP-OES model Varian 710-ES was used to measure the induction plasma (ICP) and its composition by mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: The average concentration of heavy metals in Naseri wetland WATER was obtained at station 3 above the first and second stations. Zinc, iron, copper and vanadium were lower in the wetland WATER than national and international standards, but higher levels of manganese and nickel were obtained. The average of the concentrations of the studied metals except the nickel in the SURFACE sediments of the wetland in the second station was higher than the first and third stations. Ni was found higher in the sediments of the third station. Conclusion: The results of calculating the contamination factor showed that heavy metals were zinc, iron, manganese, nickel, vanadium and copper in low POLLUTION levels. The degree of contamination of the studied metals also showed that POLLUTION of Nasseri wetland sediments was low. The degree of contamination of modified heavy metals indicates very low contamination of sediments of Naseri wetland. The ecological risk of zinc, iron, manganese, nickel, vanadium, and copper was in the low-risk category. The total ecological risk of heavy metals at the stations was also classified as low risk.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Industrial effluent contamination of WATER resources has emerged as a major challenge in developing and densely populated countries like Nigeria where river systems are the primary means for disposal of waste, especially the effluents from surrounding industries. This study seeks to determine the extent of SURFACE WATER POLLUTION from industrial effluent discharge. METHODS: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied on the SURFACE WATER quality data to identify the POLLUTION sources and their contribution toward WATER quality variation. WATER samples were collected from 4 sampling locations along the Onne-Okirika river. FINDINGS: The characteristics of the river showed a mean concentration of biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD = 19. 73 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD = 54. 53 mg/l), Ammonia (NH3 = 21. 00 mg/l), Dissolved Oxygen (DO = 5. 78 mg/l) and temperature (28. 40ᵒ C) which varied significantly among sampling locations. Site 1, 2, and 3 showed a high level of NH3 and Chemical Oxygen Demand while site 4 (the control) has slightly high salinity when compared. The extent of POLLUTION could be classified as; site 1 (High POLLUTION), site 2 (Moderate POLLUTION), and site 3 (Low POLLUTION). CONCLUSION: Sources of POLLUTION include effluents from industrial plants such as fertilizer plants and oil refineries due to the high level of NH3. While the higher Chemical Oxygen Demand level is an indication of a greater amount of biodegradable organic material, which reduced the amount of Dissolved Oxygen. Additionally, a reduction in Dissolved Oxygen level can lead to an anaerobic condition, which is insidious to aquatic life forms. Therefore, the state environmental regulatory agency should ensure compliance monitoring of the industry’ s activities.